Landless despite laws : land rights of women in post - conflict Nepal and Sri Lanka

Women forms around half of the total agricultural force of the world and in most countries, more than 50 per cent of agricultural labourers are women. Nevertheless, very small portion of landholdings throughout world is owned by women. The condition of women in South Asia is even worse as women in most of the South Asian countries have legal rights to own and inherit land, but the legal contradictions and the customary practices dominates women’s right to demand their own land. The condition worsens in post-conflict societies where women are denied the right to ownership of land in case of death or disappearances of their husbands. Nevertheless, post-conflict societies create a unique opportunity to challenge the customary law that denies land ownership to women. Many studies illustrates that in post-conflict period, more men than women actively participate in the conflict with more women left to take charge of the households. This paper will look into the customary and legal right of women to own and inherit property in two post-conflict societies of South Asia- Nepal and Sri- Lanka, and percentage of women owning land in the two countries, the legal and customary barriers to women inheritance to land and how the post-conflict opportunities has been used both, by government and women to ensure women inheritance to land and property

Investigation On the Larvicidal Potential of Endophytic Fungi Isolates from Psoralea corylifolia And Leptadenia reticulata Against Aedes Aegypti

Globally, several million peoples are infected with epidemic-prone mosquito-borne diseases like yellow fever and malaria that is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected mosquitoes. Psoralea corylifolia, often known as babchi, is a well-liked herb that has been utilised in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for many years for its miraculous abilities to treat a variety of skin conditions and Leptadenia reticulata, also known as Jivanti is an herb that is traditionally used in treating the conditions like malaria, diabetes, and liver disorders. The present study investigated the larvicidal properties of endophytic fungi isolated from Psoralea corylifolia and Leptadenia reticulata against Aedes aegypti. The highest larvicidal activity was seen in Trichodermata viride and Candida albicans species from leaves of L. reticulata was found to be 85.71% and 90.47 at 20 ppm. Likewise, Piriformospora indica and Aspergillus niger species from the leaves of P. corylifolia was found to be 66.66% and 83.33 % respectively. Candida albicans from leaves of L. reticulata and Aspergillus niger from the leaves of Psoralea corylifolia showed the highest mortality percentage was found to be 90.47 and 83.33 at 20 ppm respectively. The present study reveals the determination of optimal, eco-friendly, and selective mosquito larvicidal agents. The development of innovative and affordable medications to combat diseases spread by mosquitoes will be aided by more research on the isolation, characterisation, and determination of the mechanism of action against the selective mosquitos

Investigation On the Larvicidal Potential of Endophytic Fungi Isolates from Psoralea corylifolia And Leptadenia reticulata Against Aedes Aegypti

Globally, several million peoples are infected with epidemic-prone mosquito-borne diseases like yellow fever and malaria that is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected mosquitoes. Psoralea corylifolia, often known as babchi, is a well-liked herb that has been utilised in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for many years for its miraculous abilities to treat a variety of skin conditions and Leptadenia reticulata, also known as Jivanti is an herb that is traditionally used in treating the conditions like malaria, diabetes, and liver disorders. The present study investigated the larvicidal properties of endophytic fungi isolated from Psoralea corylifolia and Leptadenia reticulata against Aedes aegypti. The highest larvicidal activity was seen in Trichodermata viride and Candida albicans species from leaves of L. reticulata was found to be 85.71% and 90.47 at 20 ppm. Likewise, Piriformospora indica and Aspergillus niger species from the leaves of P. corylifolia was found to be 66.66% and 83.33 % respectively. Candida albicans from leaves of L. reticulata and Aspergillus niger from the leaves of Psoralea corylifolia showed the highest mortality percentage was found to be 90.47 and 83.33 at 20 ppm respectively. The present study reveals the determination of optimal, eco-friendly, and selective mosquito larvicidal agents. The development of innovative and affordable medications to combat diseases spread by mosquitoes will be aided by more research on the isolation, characterisation, and determination of the mechanism of action against the selective mosquitos

Edge and corner superconductivity in a 2D topological model

We consider a two-dimensional generalization of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model which is known to possess a non-trivial topological band structure. For this model, which is characterized by a single parameter, the hopping ratio $0 \leq r\leq 1$, the inhomogeneous superconducting phases induced by an attractive $U$ Hubbard interaction are studied using mean field theory. We show, analytically and by numerical diagonalization, that in lattices with open boundaries, phases with enhanced superconducting order on the corners or the edges can appear, depending on the filling. For finite samples at half filling, the corner site superconducting transition temperature can be much larger than that of the bulk. A novel proximity effect thus arises for $T_{c,bulk} < T<T_{c,corner}$, in which the corner site creates a nonzero tail of the superconducting order in the bulk. We show that such tails should be observable for a range of $r$ and $U$ values

Neuroimaging in Cerebral Palsy – Report from North India

How to Cite This Article: Aggarwal A, Mittal H, Debnath SKR, Rai A. Neuroimaging in Cerebral Palsy–Report from North India. Iran J Child Neurol. 2013 Autumn; 7(3):41- 46. ObjectiveOnly few Indian reports exist on neuroimaging abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy (CP) from India. Materials &amp; MethodsWe studied the clinico-radiological profile of 98 children diagnosed as CP at a tertiary centre in North India. Relevant investigations were carried out to determine the etiology. ResultsAmong the 98 children studied, 80.5% were males and 22.2% were premature. History of birth asphyxia was present in 41.9%. Quadriplegic CP was seen in 77.5%, hemiplegic in 11.5%, and diplegic in 10.5%. Other abnormalities were microcephaly (60.5%), epilepsy (42%), visual abnormality (37%), and hearing abnormality (20%). Neuroimaging was abnormal in 94/98 (95.91%).Abnormalities were periventricular white matter abnormalities (34%), deep grey matter abnormalities (47.8%), malformations (11.7%), and miscellaneous lesions (6.4%). Neuroimaging findings did not relate to the presence of birth asphyxia, sex, epilepsy, gestation, type of CP, or microcephaly. ConclusionsNeuroimaging is helpful for etiological diagnosis, especially malformations.  ReferencesSinghi PD, Ray M, Suri G. Clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy in north India-an analysis of 1000 cases. J Trop Pediatr 2002 48(3); 162-6.Sharma P, Sharma U, Kabra A. Cerebral Palsy-Clinical Profile and Predisposing Factors. Indian Pediatr 1999;36(10):1038-42.Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Antecedents of cerebral palsy. Multivariate analysis of risk. N Engl J Med 1986 315(2):81-6.Krägeloh-Mann I, Horber V. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49(2):144-51.Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 2007;109:8-14.http://www.newbornwhocc.org/pdf/database.pdfRikomen R, Raumanvrita S, Sinivuori E, Seppala T. Changing pattern of cerebral palsy in southwest region of Finland. Acta Pediatr Scand 1989; 78(4):581-7.Pharaoh POD, Plat MJ, Cooke T. The changing epidemiology of cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1996;75(3): F169-73.Eischer PS, Batshaw M. Cerebral Palsy. Ped Clin North Am 1993;40(3):537-51.Bax M, Tydeman BA, Flodmark O. Clininical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: the European Cerebral PalsyStudy. JAMA 2006; 296(13):1602-08.Korzeniewski SJ, Birbeck G, DeLano MC, Potchen MJ, Paneth N. A systematic review of neuroimaging for cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology 2008;23(2):216-27.Robinson MN, Peake LJ, Ditchfield MR, Reid SM. Magnetic Resonance imaging findings in population based cohort of children with cerebral palsy Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51(1):39-45.Shevell M, Ashwal S, Donley D, Flint J, Gingold M, Hirtz D, et al. Practice parameter: Evaluation of the child with global developmental delay: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and The Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2003; 60(3); 367-80.Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA, Miller G, Sandler A, Shevell M, et al. Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebralpalsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004; 23;62(6): 851-63.

Production of genuine multimode entanglement in circular waveguides with long-range interactions

Starting with a product initial state, squeezed (coherent squeezed) state in one of the modes, and vacuum in the rest, we report that a circular waveguide comprising modes coupled with varying interaction strength is capable of producing genuine multimode entanglement (GME), quantified via the generalized geometric measure (GGM). We demonstrate that for a fixed interaction and squeezing strength, the GME content of the resulting state increases as the range of interactions between the waveguides increases, although the GGM collapses and revives with the variation of interaction strength and time. To illustrate the advantage of long-range interactions, we propose a quantity, called accumulated GGM, measuring the area under the GGM curve, which clearly illustrates the growing trends with the increasing range of interactions. We analytically determine the exact expression of GGM for systems involving an arbitrary number of modes, when all the modes interact with each other equally. The entire analysis is performed in phase-space formalism. We manifest the constructive effect of disorder in the coupling parameter, which promises a steady production of GME, independent of the interaction strength.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure